20+ Types of Research With Examples - A Detailed Guide.How to Write a Hypothesis In 7 simple Steps: Examples and Tips!.Psychology Research Topics - 220+ Ideas. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research - Learning the Basics.8 Types of Qualitative Research - Overview & Examples.Qualitative Research - Methods, Types, and Examples.Learn How To Write A Literature Review In Simple Steps.How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper - A Step by Step Guide.How to Start a Research Paper - 7 Easy Steps.Research Proposal Writing - A Step-by-Step Guide.Interesting Research Paper Topics for 2024.Guide to Creating Effective Research Paper Outline.Research Paper Writing - A Step by Step Guide.In some cases, it can be more helpful to write a draft in which you get all of your ideas out and then do a “reverse outline” of what you’ve already written. While you may have learned to outline a paper before writing a draft, this step is often difficult because our ideas develop as we write. Strategy #3: Create a reverse outline from your draft For example, if you have initially written in something like “explain the author’s main point,” your final subheading might be something like “Sandel’s main argument” or “Sandel’s opposition to genetic enhancement.” In other cases, once you have the key pieces of your argument in place, you will be able to remove the subheadings. In those cases, you would need to revise your informal subheadings to be more useful for your readers. Show how that changes our understanding of the topicįor longer papers, you may decide to include subheadings to guide your reader through your argument.Explain the implications of what I’ve shown for our understanding of the author.Show why this main point doesn’t hold up when we consider this other example. If you’re having trouble figuring out how your ideas fit together, try beginning with informal subheading like these: You can do this by typing subheadings above the sections of your draft. Scientific papers generally include standard subheadings to delineate different sections of the paper, including “introduction,” “methods,” and “discussion.” Even when you are not required to use subheadings, it can be helpful to put them into an early draft to help you see what you’re written and to begin to think about how your ideas fit together. Strategy #2: Use subheadings, even if you remove then later Consideration of counterarguments (what Sandel might say in response to this section of your argument)Įach argument you will make in an essay will be different, but this strategy will often be a useful first step in figuring out the path of your argument.Analysis of what those cases mean for Sandel’s argument.Discussion of cases when medically necessary enhancement and non-medical enhancement cannot be easily distinguished.Discussion of why this evidence is convincing even in light of potential counterarguments.Evidence that Sandel provides to support this claim.Once you have broken down your thesis into main claims, you can then think about what sub-claims you will need to make in order to support each of those main claims. Show what is not convincing about Sandel’s claim that we can clearly distinguish between medically necessary enhancements and other enhancements.Show what is persuasive about Sandel’s claims about the problems with striving for perfection.To argue this thesis, the author needs to do the following: Put your thesis at the top of a blank page and then make a list of the points you will need to make to argue that thesis effectively.įor example, consider this example from the thesis handout : While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake”(54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well”(51) is less convincing. Strategy #1: Decompose your thesis into paragraphsĪ clear, arguable thesis will tell your readers where you are going to end up, but it can also help you figure out how to get them there. As you think about how your ideas fit together, try these three strategies: But even when you don’t provide a roadmap, your reader should be able to see the connections between your ideas. In some courses, you will be expected to provide a roadmap in your introduction that explicitly tells readers how your argument is organized. Once you’ve established your thesis, you need to think about how you will move your reader through your argument. If you are used to writing essays that are similar to the five-paragraph essay (one claim and then three points that support that claim), it can be daunting to think about how to structure your ideas in a longer essay.
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